Author: Tony Burgess

The Pro-Reading Challenge: One Achievable Step

Corey James and I wrote an article published in the February issue of ARMY Magazine focused on leveraging professional reading–and the Pro-Reading Challenge–as a tool for developing leaders.

The Pro-Reading Challenge boils down to talking about a book with your team at least once a year. This challenge is for leaders out there who wants to take action to develop their leaders and improve their organizations’ effectiveness.

Article Excerpt:

“…the Pro-Reading Challenge is one way for Army leaders to take action when it comes to leader development and lifelong learning, helping leaders to overcome the feeling that leader development is overwhelming, or just “pie-in-the-sky stuff.” It is one specific action leaders can take and point to as evidence that they are, in fact, “committed to developing their subordinates.” In the process, leaders create momentum and foster a culture of learning. Once you taste genuine leader development, you want more of it. Perhaps most importantly for the health of our profession, lieutenants who take the PRC are much more likely to incorporate professional reading into their leader-development plans when they are in command. In this way, you pay it forward, creating that third-generation-leadership (3GL) effect: “Success [from the 3GL perspective] is not developing great leaders. Rather, success is developing great leaders who themselves have a personal vision to develop great leaders.”

Texas Don’t Do Compact!

This one is just for fun.

I was walking out of the Austin airport the other day and noticed a huge area of the lower parking garage labeled “compact car parking only.” Really? In Texas?!

It was funny because every spot was taken and every single vehicle parked in that area was some type of truck or SUV. For example, pictured here is the new “compact” Tahoe.

Maybe the garage designers had never been to Texas, or they surely would have known that Texas Don’t Do Compact!

Is This Design Intuitive?

Recently, I was in a hotel and noticed this sign in the shower. That’s right, the front desk finally got tired of explaining to guests how to turn on the shower. Their solution: make signs and put them in all 350 hotel showers! Did the designers do any user testing? Did they have the curse of knowledge and lose sight of the fact that most people have an already existing mental model for how “all” showers are turned on? I don’t know, but I think this makes for a great example of what can happen when your new (and better) design is radically different from the normal paradigm (say, for how showers work). Once you know how it works, it is no problem, but that’s not good enough for this scenario.

In the world of Web design, you may create a really cool new way to do something, but have you considered whether or not it runs counter to a user-accepted norm (e.g., what something is called, or where you have it on the screen). Have you asked yourself whether or not it is worth the potential user frustration. I’ve been there myself: “Once ‘they’ do it once, they’ll understand it.” But, unlike a shower, which people are pretty much going to figure out even if they have to call the front desk, web users might not be so persistent. One shot may be all we’ve got.

Authentic Leadership Development

In 75 minutes or less, how do you teach a class on Authentic Leadership Theory? Background reading is a chapter from Peter Northouse’s, Leadership Theory and Practice. Today, we started with a clip from the movie Glory that features Matthew Broderick’s character struggling with his role as leader. Big thanks to leadership teacher/author extraordinaire Doug Crandall for recommending that clip!

QUESTION: When you reflect on your own life, what is one experience, relationship, or event that had a big impact on you? Something you might point back at it and say, “this had a shaping effect on who I am today or helped set the course that brought me to where I am today.”Pair up with someone you might not know so well and share your stories.

This exercise gives us practical experience thinking about the “Critical Life Events” component of Authentic Leadership. It can be an eye opener for people to make connections between their past and who they are today, and it can be an eye opener for people to learn meaningful things about others that they did not know. Again quoting from Northouse, “Critical life events act as catalysts for change. Shamir and Eilam (2005) argued that authentic leadership rests heavily on the insights people attach to their life experiences. When leaders tell their life stories, they gain greater self-knowledge, more clarity about who they are, and a better understanding of their role. By understanding their own life experiences, leaders become more authentic.” And, I would add, drawing on Goffee and Jones, telling our life stories is a way to “show” ourselves to those we work with (knowing ourselves isn’t enough, we must also show ourselves).

“Authentic leadership is a complex process that emphasizes the development of qualities that help leaders to be perceived as trustworthy and believable by their followers. The leader’s job is to learn to develop these qualities and apply them to the common good as they serve others” (Northouse, p. 221).

Drawing heavily on Bruce Avolio and colleagues, Northouse shares a model for Authentic Leadership. We finished class by going through the model (we barely scratched the surface). The four components that are the basis for authentic leadership are: Self-Awareness, Internalized Moral Perspective, Balanced Processing, and Relational Transparency. Three factors influence how those four components work, which we can think of as setting the conditions and context that allows those four components to work. They are: Positive Psychological Capacities (confidence, hope, optimism, resilience), Moral Reasoning, and Critical Life Events.

One observation I’d like to make is that the “Internalized Moral Perspective” and “Balanced Processing” components exist in tension and balance each other out. Think about it, we want a leader with strong convictions who doesn’t cave to pressure or change willy nilly while we also want that same leader to listen to us and genuinely consider when we have an informed opinion that is at odds with his position. So, we find leaders are authentic when their actions are aligned with their beliefs (words and deeds match) and they fully consider others’ viewpoints before they make decisions.

With Leader-Member-Exchange, we asked ourselves: If in fact having more high-quality leader-subordinate interactions is a good thing, how do leaders create (or at least set the conditions for) high-quality relationships with their subordinates?

QUESTION TO REFLECT ON: How might Authentic Leadership provide you a pathway (or set the conditions) for you to develop high-quality relationships with the people you work with? (What, if any, is the connection between L-M-X and Authentic Leadership Theory?)

Go deeper: Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Measure

Bruce Avolio, The High Impact Leader

Bill George, True North

Goffee and Jones, Why Should Anyone Be Led by YOU?

PS. Doesn’t this course sound awesome?

Why Should Anyone Be Led By You?

This is a great ten minute video with Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones relating the research that went into their fantastic book, Why Should Anyone Be Led By You.

Followers want:

Community
Authenticity
Significance
Excitement

Questions to ask yourself:

What does it mean to be a community builder as a leader?
Are you authentic? Do you take your real self to work? Authentic leaders know themselves and “show” themselves — they aren’t perfect — and they genuinely want the best for their followers and the organization.
Do you appreciate your followers’ contribution? Are you a source of significance for your followers?
Are you a source of energy, edge, and passion — genuine excitement — for your team?
Who decides? (not you! Your followers decide)

Reflection: I love the connection between this 4th question about excitement and the question that Bob Sutton shared that Rob Cross asks: “After you talk to this person, do you have more or less energy?” I aspire to be the kind of person that gives people more energy. How about you? Positive. Inspired. Energized. Let’s serve up some pie!

What Great Leaders Do (Bob Sutton Presentation at Stanford University)

You may have heard of Bob Sutton through his books, like: The No Asshole Rule and The Knowing-Doing Gap.

In this audio PODCAST, Bob talks about his latest book, Good Boss, Bad Boss. Although leaders account for a measly 15% of the results in groups, they get 50% of the credit. And when you put a person in a position of power, they:

focus more on their own needs and concerns
focus less on the needs and concerns of their subordinates
act like the rules don’t apply to them

This is a phenomenon of human nature. When you become “the boss” — or become successful — let it be a warning to you because, based on a lot of evidence, you are about to become an “idiot.”

Bob goes on to describe characteristics of in-tune bosses (best bosses):

They are assertive when they need to and back off when appropriate (i.e., not always the dominant assertive type)
They don’t constantly check on their subordinates; rather, they give them space. They practice management by walking out of the room. Quote: “After you plant a seed in the ground, you don’t dig it up every week to see how it’s doing.” This is especially important in creative work. If you keep checking up on your subordinates, they tend to start focusing on pleasing you and not doing the deeper work that the organization needs them to do (and you really want them to do).
They are confident and competent, AND they are open for input. They walk the line between the two. They practice an attitude of wisdom: They have courage and confidence to act on what they know right now along with the humility to update when new information comes along.

At the 34:30 mark in the talk: “Rotten Apples” and how important it is to get rid of them. Bob shares the “5 to 1 rule”: if you are in a personal relationship with someone and you go below 5 to 1 – where for every bad interaction there aren’t at least five positive interactions, the relationship is in trouble. When you have a bad interaction with someone, it packs 5x the power of a good interaction. When teams have one rotten apple, it knocks down the team performance by at least 30%. It is contagious. When you work with jerks, you start acting like them. When you have a high-maintenance person, you spend more time working with their quirks and less time actually doing the work.

A good boss is a human shield. “He or she has got my back.” “Managers are people who see visitors so the others can get the work done” (Mintzberg). Good bosses protect their people from all kinds of intrusions, interruptions, etc. – and they protect their people from “idiocy from on high.”

There’s a great question from Rob Cross at the end of Bob’s talk: “After you talk to this person, do you have more or less energy?” Bob leaves us with this question: “How do people feel after they talk with you?”

Reflection: I thought this was a really nice tie in to the Leader-Member-Exchange (LMX) discussion we’ve been having because Sutton’s focus is on leader-subordinate interactions and relationships.

Leader Member Exchange Theory

I had the privilege of teaching a class today on Leader-Member-Exchange theory, drawing heavily from Peter Northhouse’s, Leadership: Theory and Practice. The basic concept for the class follows:

QUESTION: What is LMX Theory? What makes it unique compared to other theories in the course?

Notes: Initially this was a descriptive theory, describing what was happening in organizations. Leaders have unique relationships with each of their subordinates. The theory is focused on the interactions between leaders and led and introduces “leadership” from a relational perspective. Researchers found that employees could be generally categorized into two groups: the “in” and the “out” group, where the in group employees had a relationship with the leader that went beyond the formal role relationship. These employees receive extra influence, opportunities, and rewards. The out-group employees did what was expected based on their formal role descriptions, and they received standard job benefits.

QUESTION: What does this mean from the “subordinate’s” perspective? From the “Leader’s” perspective?

Imagine that I am the boss and all of you are sales reps that work for me. You just went to a training program where you learned all about LMX. The veil has been lifted, and you are back at work. How is this new knowledge changing the way you see things? What are you looking for? What are you thinking about?

Forget the above scenario. You are the boss and YOU just went on that biz training program and learned all there is to know about LMX. The veil has been lifted. What do you do with your new knowledge? As you return to work, what are you looking for? What are you thinking about?

I then read from Made to Stick, a book by Chip and Dan Heath — (p. 111-113) the part where they relay the famous “blue eye, brown eye” experiment in which students were grouped and discriminated against based on their eye color. [read about it]

I related two other research examples, one of which was the “Pygmalion Effect” work done by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson in the 1960s whereby they labeled students as “poised for intellectual growth this year.” Those randomly chosen students thought they were “smart” and so did their teachers. It had an effect on what they learned and how they did in school. It created a self-fulfilling prophecy.

QUESTION: How does this knowledge connect to what we are talking about with LMX?

QUESTION: What has the LMX research shown about the benefits of being in the “in group” or being in an organization that is characterized by high-quality leader-member exchanges? …for the employees? …for the organization?

Notes: Less employee turnover, greater organizational commitment, more promotions. Employees feel better, accomplish more, are more dependable, communicative, involved, have more energy, and are even more creative. They have more access to the boss and information, receive preferential treatment, better feedback, etc.

QUESTION: Can you imagine a person who might not want to be in the “in group” for whatever reason? Notes: e.g., someone that is not in a position due to family or other constraints to give of themselves so much or to take on the additional roles and commitment that being in the “in group” entails. Perhaps an employee seeks meaning outside of the “day job” and is perfectly satisfied sticking to the formal role.

QUESTION: With that type of individual aside…Given this research, does it make sense to take a prescriptive approach — and to seek to expand the “in group” as much as possible? IOW, should our goal be to move everyone into the “in group”? Is that even possible?

QUESTION: Describe what a high quality leader-member exchange (aka, a really positive leader/subordinate relationship) looks like in action? Describe the kind of relationship you think would be really effective for leaders and their employees to have.

QUESTION: What is “leadership making” according to LMX Theory? How do you set the conditions for more employees to move from the “out” to the “in” group — or from the periphery to the core, where the core is a place of deeper engagement, meaning, commitment, and identity?

Notes: Moving from being a “Stranger” to being an “Acquaintance” to creating a “Mature Partnership.” Leadership making is an intentional focus on developing high-trust, mutually beneficial relationships with ones employees (and seeing each relationship as unique). Interactions between the leader and the led are characterized by mutual trust, respect, and commitment/obligation. In the process, the goals of the leader, followers, and the organization are all advanced.

CONTINUE TO THINK ABOUT: How do leaders create (or at least set the conditions for) high-quality relationships with their Soldiers (or employees)?

Personal Reflection: LMX elevates the importance of the relationship between the leader and the led. It suggests, or leads one to believe, that the main source of meaning and commitment at work is driven by the relationship with the boss. What does that mean for those unlucky enough to be stuck with a horrible boss? What is missing with this strict focus on the leader and the led? For one, it leaves out the “mission” or “purpose” of the organization as well as the meaning and impact of peer-to-peer relationships. A missing component is how much you believe in the purpose of the organization and the people that you work with.

I’m seeing a connection between LMX and some of my own work with core-group theory and the process whereby members of an informal community (or voluntary organization) move from the periphery to the core as far as their engagement and participation. The “in-group out-group” aspect of LMX is a different model for looking at movement from the periphery to the core. I like the focus of LMX on interactions between leaders and employees or “potential leaders.” The idea of “Leadership Making” is connected to this and to leader development more broadly. I’d like to read more about that topic.

I really enjoyed diving into this today!

tonypburgess

Leadership Counts!